INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNER SKILLS, EXPERIENCES, AND JOB REQUIREMENTS

Published: Sep 17, 2025 - The Instructional Designer demonstrates strong expertise in adult learning principles, instructional design models, and digital learning tools. This role requires a passion for hands-on content development and the application of pedagogical engineering practices like micro-learning and learn-by-doing. The designer also possesses excellent communication and presentation skills to deliver impactful learning experiences across diverse cultures and brands.

Essential Hard and Soft Skills for an Instructional Designer Resume
  • Instructional Design
  • Adult Learning
  • Curriculum Design
  • eLearning Development
  • Content Development
  • Learning Assessment
  • Authoring Tools
  • Multimedia Design
  • LMS Administration
  • Needs Analysis
  • Project Management
  • Stakeholder Management
  • Communication
  • Team Leadership
  • Problem Solving
  • Coaching
  • Strategic Planning
  • Vendor Collaboration
  • SME Collaboration
  • Collaboration

Summary of Instructional Designer Knowledge and Qualifications on Resume

1. BA in Education with 5 years of Experience

  • Work experience with solid career progression in the field of training and development
  • Working experience in Articulate 360/Storyline 
  • Experience using content management systems 
  • Basic HTML, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Acrobat and Microsoft Excel
  • Experience designing or developing learning solutions
  • Learning Operations team experience and understanding of associate training content
  • Experience using and managing Content Management Systems
  • Experience in video design or editing
  • Understanding of multiple site types and their operations
  • Strong written and verbal communication skills
  • Ability to research, scope, prioritize, and lead multiple projects at the same time

2. BS in Computer Science with 6 years of Experience

  • Experience designing and developing training curriculum
  • Work or educational experience with technical and/or engineering concepts
  • Able to provide an eLearning portfolio or demonstrate the ability to create high-quality eLearning products
  • Experience with design tools used in a learning creation environment (MS PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop/Illustrator, Articulate Storyline, Techsmith Camtasia)
  • Ability to clearly and effectively communicate in both written and oral formats
  • Experience supervising and leading a team of instructional designers
  • Ability to work both in a team environment and autonomously with minimal supervision or direction
  • Ability to be unfazed by ambiguity and comfortable in environments with shifting priorities
  • Proficiency with MS Office products
  • Previous experience creating web-based training, technical writing, and standard guides
  • Able to work in a high-paced environment with ambiguity to put communications into a structured manner

3. BS in Educational Technology with 8 years of Experience

  • Proven eye for visual design and ability to connect with learners digitally, whilst creating highly engaging user experiences
  • Strong proficiency with industry-standard design software and multimedia experience including video production 
  • Proven visual design skills (Adobe Creative Suite, including but not limited to Animate/After Effects, Photoshop, Illustrator)
  • Able to share features of the tools used
  • Able to e-sign learning that reflects an understanding of the diversity of learners, including the demonstrated understanding of cultural differences that may apply
  • Proven experience collaborating with subject matter experts, global stakeholders, and managers in an environment with short deadlines and high business impact
  • Experience of implementing modern learning modalities including game-based learning, simulations and immersive scenarios requiring multiple branching elements
  • Must have current Epic Principal Trainer certification
  • In-depth knowledge of Epic MST builds, maintenance, and structure
  • Excellent communication skills, both written and verbal
  • Proficiency in MS Office, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook
  • Experience implementing and maintaining Epic superuser and/or Thrive programs
  • Instructional design and/or education experience
  • Experience with one or more digital content creation tools (i.e., Adobe Captivate)

4. BS in Computer Science with 6 years of Experience

  • Demonstrated experience in instructional design in developing various other modalities of virtual instructions (blended learning) and visual layout/design
  • Proven working experience in instructional design in complex projects with ambitious milestones
  • Proven certification in instructional design, educational technology or similar qualifications
  • Ability to think and act strategically while remaining in the detailed execution and hands-on
  • Good technical skills with the ability to understand, explain and visually translate complex systems and functions into learning assets
  • Excellent knowledge of learning theories and instructional design models (Lesson and curriculum planning skills)
  • Solid knowledge of course development software and Learning Management Systems, ideally Cornerstone
  • Expertise in the Google suite (e.g., gSlides, gSheets, etc) and integrated Wiki workflows 
  • Ability to write and copy instructional text, audio scripts/video scripts
  • Experienced in agile methodologies
  • Excellent written and verbal English

5. BS in Instructional Design with 7 years of Experience

  • Experience with learning theory and instructional technologies
  • Experience with instructional design methodology
  • Experience with Microsoft Office
  • Ability to work collaboratively and be flexible
  • Possession of excellent verbal and written and communication skills
  • Experience in instructional design or in learning product/training development 
  • Strong technology skills - i.e., Adobe Suite (Premiere, Photoshop, Captivate, Animation, etc.), use of media and instructional design techniques
  • Ability to distill complex ideas and curriculum into easy-to-understand learning outcomes and materials
  • Ability to solve complex problems and drive projects from concept to conclusion
  • Able to work independently, manage multiple tasks, and set priorities with direction and/or feedback from management and teammates
  • Ability to set and communicate clear expectations and deliver on them in a dynamic environment across multiple time zones and a diverse workforce
  • Ability to work in a start-up fashion
  • Ability to provide accurate estimates of time for the completion of projects and to consistently deliver on deadlines

6. BA in Graphic Design with 6 years of Experience

  • Demonstrated experience in consulting, project management and coaching
  • Demonstrated experience with the MS Office suite and HTML writing program
  • Ability to work within a collaborative environment, multitask, and work within aggressive timeframes
  • Excellent written and verbal communication skills
  • Effective interpersonal and teamwork skills
  • Sound judgment and excellent organizational and consulting skills
  • Demonstrated ability to achieve results with teams
  • Must be organized, able to act independently, have an eye for detail and can put ideas into a tangible form
  • Able to work with and train people with a wide variety of technical and non-technical skills and backgrounds
  • Must be able to work in a Labor/Management Partnership environment
  • Teaching experience and demonstrated competence in presenting training courses
  • Proficiency in HTML and applications on the internet

7. BS in Data Science with 7 years of Experience

  • Experience in instructional design
  • Experience in the telecommunications industry in the billing and charging sector
  • Excellent instructional design, research, analysis, presentation, and writing skills
  • Proven ability to write clearly and concisely using correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation
  • Proven ability to create clear, understandable online learning experiences about highly technical subjects
  • Excellent command of online learning tools, including graphics and recording tools
  • Excellent oral communication skills
  • Must have strong organizational skills
  • Good judgment, positive attitude, and an innovative spirit
  • Proven ability to learn new products and technologies and to grasp highly technical material
  • Experience interpreting technical specifications, configuration files, code, and other technical documents as source material
  • Familiarity with software development processes and tools, including source control tools
  • Ability to work with cross-functional teams across remote locations
  • Ability to work both independently and in a collaborative group setting
  • Ability to work on multiple deliverables simultaneously and under time constraints
  • Ability to set own priorities and manage shifting deadlines and the trade-offs to meet them

8. BS in Educational Psychology with 7 years of Experience

  • Strong experience conducting front-end analysis for instructional requirements
  • Comprehensive knowledge of methods and possess expertise in developing courseware for a variety of communication delivery methods including instructor-led training (ILT) and web-based training (WBT)
  • Experience in instructional design or learning content development
  • Broad experience of numerous years in the pharmaceutical industry in the area of quality management and medicine
  • Experience in global and cross-functional project management
  • Very strong interpersonal, intercultural and communication skills paired with a high level of customer orientation
  • Strong analytical skills and critical thinking abilities
  • Detail-oriented individual who can learn new concepts and apply them quickly
  • Strong time management and organizational skills
  • Ability to effectively adapt to change
  • Must be proactive, self-motivated, and flexible to meet deadlines and see projects through from beginning to end
  • Understanding of adult learning principles, ADDIE design methodology, and Agile methodology 

9. BS in Software Engineering with 6 years of Experience

  • In-depth knowledge of instructional design principles
  • Experience designing training plans and/or storyboards
  • Ability to independently learn and perform complex, detailed processes
  • Strong written and verbal English communication skills
  • Organizational skills with attention to detail
  • Strong analytical and decision-making skills
  • Advanced knowledge of the Microsoft Office suite such as Outlook, Excel, Word, and PowerPoint
  • Advanced knowledge of virtual meeting software such as Zoom
  • Intermediate skill level with e-Learning authoring tools such as Captivate or Articulate Storyline
  • Self-starters, independent, creative thinkers, and the ability to work well with various levels of management in UPS, with minimal supervision
  • Ability to move in an agile fashion and work remotely across multiple time zones

10. BA in History with 4 years of Experience

  • Strong influencing skills and ability to work at all levels within an organization
  • Research and information gathering skills
  • Familiar with or experience in using authoring/online help solutions such as Adobe Robohelp or Madcap Flare
  • Detailed understanding of technical publications processes and technologies as well as instructional design procedures
  • Must be able to work effectively both within a team environment as well as independently with little supervision, and handle multiple projects concurrently within both environments
  • Must have coaching and mentoring skills
  • Experience in evaluating already in place courseware to measure its effectiveness
  • Experience creating instructional design documentation
  • Experience with standards set by the ADDIE model
  • Excellent business writing, consulting, and communication skills

11. BA in Art History with 8 years of Experience

  • Experience in designing blended learning solutions
  • Ability to balance multiple deliverables at once and deliver on time to a high level of quality
  • Experience of working in a global, matrixed organisation
  • Detail orientation, with a learner-first, design thinking mindset
  • Ability to work both collaboratively and independently
  • Experience in delivering and facilitating learning experiences
  • Knowledge of Adult Learning principles and how to apply them in the development of dynamic learning material, including e-Learning courses, training videos, and presentation decks
  • Ability to rapidly master new technologies, methodologies, and subject matter, and transfer this expertise to training content
  • Proficiency with content authoring tools (Captivate, Photoshop, Dreamweaver, etc.)
  • Easily work on multiple projects at once and have the ability to pivot focus based on business needs
  • Strong interpersonal communication skills, both verbal and written
  • Ability to meet deadlines without a need for consistent follow-up
  • Comfort navigating ambiguity, and an ability to create in an undefined, unestablished environment
  • Prior experience in the Automotive Retail Industry 

12. BA in Education with 5 years of Experience

  • Working experience in Technical Gas and/or Electric Operations 
  • Knowledge of safety policies, procedures, standards, and regulatory requirements 
  • Professional experience in a corporate learning and development environment
  • Able to utilize a blended learning approach with modern learning technology and best practices
  • Familiarity with Learning Management Systems such as SAP SuccessFactors
  • Previous supervisory experience and/or advanced education
  • Skilled in computer applications including Office 365
  • Proficient in digital authoring tools such as Articulate 360 and Adobe Creative Cloud
  • Effective written and verbal communication skills
  • Ability to successfully prioritise and handle multiple complex tasks and projects

13. BS in Instructional Design with 7 years of Experience

  • Experience in an Instructional Design role or similar
  • Experience using contemporary instructional design and adult learning principles to design, develop, implement, and review learning
  • Demonstrated understanding of best practice and a methodical design approach to learning (e.g., ADDIE, 4Mat, Storyboarding, NLP and Gamification)
  • Experience with various authoring tools (e.g., Articulate Storyline, Rise, Adobe Creative Cloud)
  • Basic graphic design skills using the Adobe Suite of products
  • Basic end-to-end video editing experience
  • Fluent in English (additional European language knowledge, e.g., German)
  • Experience in HR/Training administration at a multinational company or in the Shared Service sector
  • Experience with e-content authoring tools (Adobe Captivate, Articulate Presenter, Articulate Storyline, Lectora, etc.)
  • Functional knowledge of eLearning concepts (SCORM, AICC, ADDIE, etc.)
  • Ability to effectively communicate verbally and in writing
  • Ability to work in a multicultural, fast-paced, changing environment

14. BA in Communication with 2 years of Experience

  • Working experience in Instructional Design 
  • Experience with the ADDIE design model
  • Proficient with Articulate 360 - storyline and rise
  • Excellent English verbal and written communication skills
  • Knowledge of Adult Learning Principles
  • Experience with Axonify 
  • Experience working in an instructional design role or learning and development
  • Familiarity with instructional design technology tools and best practices

15. BS in Information Technology with 5 years of Experience

  • Work experience in learning/development and training design
  • Exceptional verbal, written, and interpersonal communication skills 
  • Ability to craft senior-level communications, presentations, and training materials
  • Ability to work in a fast-paced, highly matrixed environment, with the flexibility to deal with ongoing change and short deadlines
  • Experience in instructional design, curriculum design and development
  • Experience successfully interfacing with subject matter experts, stakeholders, and peers to meet business needs across multiple cross-functional teams
  • Training and experience in applying instructional design practices and methodologies to support training and enablement content development
  • Knowledge of adult learning principles, course development methodologies, and Kirkpatrick's training evaluation levels
  • High degree of initiative, strong collaboration skills, and the ability to communicate ideas and design decisions and receive feedback from partners
  • Solid foundation in graphic design and typography with strong Photoshop and Illustrator skills
  • Strong skills with eLearning authoring software (i.e., Articulate Storyline, Adobe Captivate or similar) and recording/editing audio and video (Camtasia, AfterEffects, Premiere, etc.)

16. BS in Human-Computer Interaction with 7 years of Experience

  • Working experience in professional instructional design and learning strategy 
  • Proficient in Adobe Creative Suite, such as Captivate, InDesign, and Photoshop
  • Proficient in Microsoft Office Suite, such as Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Outlook
  • Proficient in Learning Management Systems administration
  • Excellent verbal and written communication skills
  • Ability to work and communicate constructively with all levels of the organization (Department leaders, managers, individual contributors, CS/FC peers)
  • High attention to detail
  • Highly proficient in time management, organization, planning and prioritization
  • Proven initiative, positive attitude, team-oriented, self-motivated and highly enthusiastic
  • Ability to work in a fast-paced environment and maintain focus on key priorities despite conflicting demands
  • Experience with innovative design modalities, e.g., AR/VR, workflow learning tools, Vyond, mobile, etc.
  • Previous experience in a fast-paced, corporate and/or customer-driven service-oriented industry

17. BA in Graphic Design with 6 years of Experience

  • Proven L&D design experience working in cross-functional teams, building L&D experiences at scale
  • Experience supporting business operations
  • Demonstrated experience developing eLearning, blended learning experiences, virtual instructor-led, train the trainers, storyboards, job aids, online tutorials, assessments
  • Experience in communicating complex processes into simple and easy-to-understand concepts
  • Advanced degree in Instructional Design
  • Strong knowledge and experience working with Learning Management Systems (Cornerstone)
  • Proven experience managing project timelines to meet aggressive deadlines and effectively prioritize a consistent flow of deliverables
  • Experience with vendor management
  • Experience working directly with Operations and/or Customer Support team, learning challenges
  • Experience in email/phone styles of customer support

18. BS in Educational Technology with 8 years of Experience

  • Development and design experience in a workplace training environment
  • Experience developing course material in both e-learning and instructor-led environments
  • Working knowledge of various instructional technologies (including e-learning)
  • Working knowledge of project management models
  • Experience in learning and assessment design, online education, or adult education
  • Must have experience working in the VET Sector
  • Demonstrated experience in learning and assessment design within the National Quality Framework
  • Demonstrated experience developing for face-to-face, blended, digital and online delivery
  • Strong online learning/assessment design and development skills, including storyboarding, for nationally accredited VET courses and non-accredited courses
  • Demonstrated experience in unpacking VET training packages to a high standard
  • Agile project management experience
  • Strong written and verbal communication skills
  • Excellent stakeholder management and negotiation skills

19. BA in Liberal Arts with 5 years of Experience

  • Experience in instructional design or a related field
  • Previous experience in a restaurant or hospitality environment
  • Experience with Learning Management Systems
  • Proficient in Microsoft applications including Excel, Word, and PowerPoint
  • Passion for personal development and career growth
  • Able to be both a leader and a support to those around them
  • Experience in content development
  • Hands-on experience on e-learning authoring tools such as Adobe Captivate, Storyline and animated video creation tools such as Vyond or Powtoons
  • Good at conceptualization and translating the understandings into content
  • Excellent verbal and written communication skills
  • Must have excellent interpersonal skills

20. BS in Web Development with 6 years of Experience

  • Excellent verbal and written skills
  • Excellent platform training/group facilitation skills
  • Strong instructional development skills
  • Excellent information and visual design skills
  • Ability to complete independent, project-based work
  • Ability to manage project tasks and timelines to meet agreed-upon deliverables and deadlines
  • Must have reactive implementation skills
  • Experience in designing high-quality learning solutions
  • Sound knowledge of adult learning principles, instructional design and methods of evaluation
  • Experience in the design, development and assurance of custom instructor-led and distance learning courseware outputs, within either the aerospace, energy, transport, or manufacturing industry
  • Familiar with rotary and/or fixed wing aircrew, missioncrew, groundcrew, mechanical or avionics systems 

21. BA in Liberal Arts with 5 years of Experience

  • Experience in Instructional design and within the eLearning industry
  • Current and relevant knowledge of instructional design process, learning styles, and instructional techniques
  • Excellent writing and editing skills in English, and working knowledge of French, with the ability to work in a bilingual environment
  • Creative thinker who’s not afraid to think outside the box and generate new content ideas or concepts
  • Ability to work in a fast-paced environment with tight project deadlines
  • Highly collaborative mindset that is open to giving and taking feedback constructively across multiple projects and teams
  • Excellent time management and prioritization skills
  • Able to take initiative and complete projects autonomously
  • Able to synthesize content briefs and quickly grasp concepts related to cybersecurity, IT, and big data
  • Experience working with cloud-based productivity suites like SharePoint
  • Experience working with e-learning software (e.g., Articulate, Rise, etc.)

22. BS in Multimedia Studies with 4 years of Experience

  • Experience in developing and managing training 
  • Experience in being a supervisor/lead team of instructional designers 
  • Strong experience in project management
  • Able to lead and mentor a team
  • Interpersonal skills to deal effectively with all business contacts
  • Demonstrated ability to translate business needs into strategic initiatives and drive them to successful outcomes
  • Well-versed in training, talent, and development subject matter
  • Strong experience in all Microsoft Office products and training technology platforms
  • Ability to be flexible to business needs and adjust/compromise plans 
  • Previous experience in warehousing and/or other high-volume service-oriented industry

23. BS in Cognitive Science with 5 years of Experience

  • Experience in a similar learning role (delivering complex, cross-functional Projects)
  • Strong understanding and proven application of adult learning principles and methodologies
  • Proven ability to design, develop and deliver fit-for-purpose training activities, events, and support materials, including eLearning modules
  • Proficient in authoring tools and learning software - LMS, Captivate, Canva
  • Sound understanding of project, Agile and change management disciplines
  • Proven experience in developing high-quality, engaging training materials, events, and resources
  • Experience developing and delivering training on business processes using Agile Methodology
  • Experience in the design, development, and deployment of training courses/materials
  • Experience using authoring tools
  • Strong attention to detail
  • Familiarity with Google’s Suite of Apps
  • Ability to manage multiple projects and work independently to meet deadlines
  • Previous experience with Adobe and Camtasia

24. BA in Political Science with 3 years of Experience

  • Professional experience in instructional design
  • Passionate, energetic and interested in working for a fast-growing company
  • Excellent English and French verbal and written communication skills
  • Strong command of e-learning and educational project management skills
  • Rigorous, proactive, creative and able to negotiate
  • Outgoing personality, strategic vision as well as excellent analytical and organizational skills
  • Proficiency with the Microsoft Office suite and comfortable using social media in a business context
  • Experience in developing educational solutions (E-learning lessons, courseware)
  • Knowledge of E-learning standards such as SCORM
  • Able to utilise CBT authoring tools such as ForceTen, Articulate Storyline

25. BA in Religious Studies with 2 years of Experience

  • Experience working with technical products
  • Proven working experience in instructional design and with instructional technology
  • Excellent knowledge of learning theories and instructional design models
  • Good lesson and curriculum planning skills
  • Proficient with a variety of eLearning development tools
  • Proficiency with content authoring, publishing, and multimedia development
  • Strong analytical and problem-solving skills with a high attention to detail
  • Exceptional ability to work with cross-functional teams to build partnerships and get things done
  • Experience in material handling systems or a similar industry

26. BS in Digital Media with 9 years of Experience

  • Experience storyboarding, designing and developing instructor-led and video-based content
  • Ability to create structured, effective and professional courses in a variety of modalities (eLearning, VILT, ILT etc)
  • Experience with video creation and editing tools
  • Understanding of learning development theory
  • Ability to gather and analyze the information needs of the audience
  • Able to work independently and as part of a team
  • Strong interpersonal skills and business acumen to interact with many different departments and decision makers within the organization
  • Ability to be flexible and a resourceful problem solver who can handle any kind of setback and obstacle
  • Instruction design experience with a focus on developing online, instructor-led, and blended learning
  • Experience using Articulate 360 Suite such as Storyline and Rise, and Adobe Captivate
  • Experience using InDesign, Photoshop, and other similar design software
  • Experience with multi-media production
  • Strong project and time management skills 
  • Attention to detail, managing multiple projects and tasks simultaneously, organization, prioritization, meeting deadlines, clearly communicating project updates to leadership, and being self-motivated

27. BS in Educational Technology with 8 years of Experience

  • Experience in an instructional design role or equivalent
  • Experience developing eLearning and VILT content
  • Applied knowledge of adult learning principles
  • Advanced Knowledge of MS Word, Excel and PowerPoint
  • Advanced Knowledge of content authoring and multi-media software (Captivate, Lectora, Articulate Studio, Camtasia, Adobe CC, SnagIt, and After Effects, web-based authoring tools)
  • Experience in Responsive Web Design and App Development 
  • Excellent written and verbal communication skills
  • Experienced with assessments, impact tracking and developing learning journeys for online training
  • In-depth understanding of adult learning theories and methodologies and experience in applying these in digital education
  • Experienced in all stages of learning development, from design and implementation to publishing
  • Experienced in creating end-customer focused training for professionals
  • Understanding how it can be applied to create an engaging and successful learning experience
  • Experienced and confident in clearly and convincingly communicating the benefits of learning solutions with different customers
  • Previous experience in developing simulation-based training programs 

28. BA in Graphic Design with 6 years of Experience

  • Consistent track record of taking initiative and contributing to the evolution of a training program
  • Excellent ability to multitask the design, development, and execution of multiple projects simultaneously in a fast-paced environment
  • Ability to travel once a quarter or as designated by the business needs
  • Ability to create supporting content (e.g. handouts and documentation) to support instructor-led training and certification courses
  • Experience with any LMS and training development tools such as Articulate Rise, Storyline, Google Suite as well as any Adobe products
  • Experience with Salesforce, Confluence, Airtable, Jira or other similar products
  • Experience incorporating change management principles into training/teaching programs to promote adoption and minimize resistance
  • Experience using tools such as Salesforce, Salesloft, Sales Navigator, Vonage, Lessonly, Seismic or other similar tech
  • Able to successfully navigate a fast-paced, high-growth environment, excelling in the face of ambiguity and frequent change
  • Effective with limited information or direction
  • Comfortable with risk and uncertainty
  • Strong planner, breaking down objectives into appropriate initiatives and actions, staging activities with milestones and schedules, anticipating obstacles and setting contingency plans

29. BS in Instructional Design with 7 years of Experience

  • Strong knowledge of adult learning principles
  • Strong knowledge of key instructional design concepts and practices
  • Expertise in pedagogical engineering best practices, such as learn-by-doing, micro-learning, etc.
  • Expertise in digital learning authoring tools (e.g., Articulate Storyline 360, Storyline 3 and Rise)
  • Fully effective written and verbal communication in English
  • Enable the content creators to deliver the best-in-class Learning Experiences
  • Proven experience in instructional design
  • Experience in multi-branded consumer electronics sales
  • Passion for hands-on content development
  • Knowledge of adult learning principles and instructional design models
  • Familiarity with the learning and development trends
  • Strong presentation and interpersonal skills
  • Ability to build rapport across a wide range of cultures and personalities
  • Experience with Apple products and software

30. BA in Journalism with 3 years of Experience

  • Experience in course design for instructor-led / blended / online training
  • Experience in designing/ developing e-learning courses
  • Experience working with an LMS and course development software
  • Knowledge of instructional design concepts such as Storyboarding, Assessments, etc.
  • Knowledge and experience in training needs analysis, adult learning/training principles, and principles of instructional design
  • Strong writing, editing and proofreading skills
  • Excellent English and Hindi written and verbal communication skills
  • Ability to work with a team and stakeholders at various levels of hierarchy
  • Self-driven with the ability to work without constant supervision
Relevant Information
Instructional Design Specialist Skills, Experiences, and Job Requirements