BID WRITER JOB DESCRIPTION

Browse BID Writer job description templates with clearly formatted duties and requirements to support hiring and career planning.

BID Writer Job Description Template

1. About the Role

A BID Writer is someone who turns raw technical knowledge into scored, compliant proposal text - and the gap between a winning submission and a near-miss often comes down to that skill. In public sector procurement, where contracts are awarded under OJEU-regulated or framework-based processes and every response is legally binding, writing quality is a measurable commercial asset. The Bid Writer owns the written output of a bid team, working across Pre-Qualification Questionnaires, Invitations to Tender, and national framework submissions. The role sits within business development or commercial functions and answers directly to Bid Managers and senior leadership.

2. Position Summary

As the BID Writer, you translate complex service and technical capabilities into high-scoring, compliant responses that win government and public sector contracts across frameworks and open procurement exercises. You work within the bid team alongside Bid Managers, subject matter experts, and commercial leads, with your output feeding directly into submission decisions that determine contract revenue.

3. Why Join Us

Career Impact: Writing for public sector frameworks and OJEU-regulated tenders builds a specialist credibility that is portable across government, infrastructure, and regulated services markets.

Business Impact: Every submission you produce determines whether the organisation wins or loses contracts that can span multiple years and millions in revenue, making your writing output a direct commercial result.

Growth Opportunity: Consistent performance in this role creates a clear path to Bid Manager or Proposal Manager seniority, where you take on go or no-go authority and full bid ownership.

4. Key Responsibilities

  • Lead storyboarding sessions with bid team members to define win themes and response structure for each opportunity.
  • Write and edit compliant responses to PQQ, ITT, and framework tender questions within agreed deadlines.
  • Coordinate input from subject matter experts across technical, commercial, legal, and operational teams.
  • Maintain and develop a library of reusable bid content, capability statements, and case studies.
  • Conduct market and client research ahead of kick-off meetings to inform response strategy.
  • Review, track, and respond to procurement notices, ensuring the organisation registers interest in appropriate opportunities.
  • Monitor submission requirements and escalate risks to the Bid Manager when deadlines or compliance are at risk.
  • Attend post-submission review meetings and incorporate lessons learned into subsequent bid responses.

5. Required Qualifications

  • Bachelor's degree in a relevant field such as English, communications, business, or engineering, or equivalent work experience.
  • 2 or more years of bid or proposal writing experience, with direct exposure to public sector or government procurement processes.
  • Proven ability to produce high-scoring written responses within page limits, word counts, and tight submission deadlines.
  • Demonstrated knowledge of the bid lifecycle from initial expression of interest through PQQ, ITT, and post-tender review.
  • Strong proofreading and editing skills with a consistent standard of written English.
  • Experience engaging and managing input from subject matter experts across multiple internal disciplines.

6. Preferred Qualifications

  • Experience with framework-based procurement or OJEU-regulated tendering processes in construction, infrastructure, or services sectors.
  • Familiarity with content management or knowledge base systems used to store and update bid libraries.
  • Exposure to proposal formatting tools or design software used in document production and submission formatting.
  • APMP Foundation certification or equivalent professional development in bid and proposal management.

7. Success Metrics and Environment

  • Bid submission rate, measuring the percentage of allocated tenders submitted on time and in full.
  • Quality score per tender, reflecting evaluator-awarded scores against written response sections.
  • Win rate on submitted bids within managed portfolio, tracked quarterly.
  • Reuse rate of library content, indicating how effectively maintained content reduces production time per bid.
  • Stakeholder input turnaround, measured as average days from SME request to approved contribution received.
  • Typical tools: BID management platforms (commonly Loopio or similar); document production suites (commonly Microsoft Word and PowerPoint)

8. Compensation and Benefits (US Market Benchmark)

  • Base Salary Range: $55,000 to $80,000 per year depending on seniority and sector experience
  • Bonus: performance-based, typically 5 to 10 percent of base tied to win rate
  • Equity: uncommon at this level in public sector-focused organisations
  • Health Benefits: medical, dental, and vision coverage standard
  • PTO: 15 to 20 days annually plus public holidays
  • Common Perks: Remote or hybrid flexibility, professional development funding, APMP membership support


Figures are estimates based on general US market benchmarks and may be outdated. Adjust based on location, company size, and seniority level.

9. EEO and Legal

Work authorization in the United States is required for all positions using this template. Employment in roles involving government contracts may be contingent on successful completion of a background check and, where applicable, security clearance verification. Reasonable accommodations are available for qualified individuals with disabilities throughout the application and employment process. All candidates are evaluated without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, or any other characteristic protected under applicable federal, state, or local law.

BID Writer Job Description Example

1. BID Writer (Public Sector Proposals)

The BID Writer owns the end-to-end storyboarding of bid response documents, writing winning responses to key sales opportunities and delivering completed proposals to the Bid Manager against RFP deadlines. Working with contributors from sales, technology, finance, commercial, legal, and delivery, the Bid Writer ensures win themes meet client requirements and maintains a network of subject matter experts to strengthen submission quality.


Key Responsibilities

  • Manage the end-to-end storyboarding of the bid response document.
  • Write winning responses on key sales opportunities.
  • Coordinate and align bid team activities to ensure winning responses.
  • Rewrite and edit proposal responses from sales, technology, finance, commercial, legal and delivery stakeholders.
  • Ensure win themes meet and exceed client requirements.
  • Deliver completed proposal responses to the Bid Manager against agreed RFP deadlines.
  • Lead storyboard sessions with bid and proposal team members.
  • Undertake market research for kick-off and solution meetings.
  • Develop and manage a network of subject matter experts.
  • Identify and rework existing pre-written content where relevant.


Required Qualifications

  • Degree educated or equivalent.
  • Experience as a business or creative writer, preferably in public sector bid responses.
  • Proven skills in writing and editing proposal content within a complex business environment.
  • Experienced in leading storyboarding sessions, key review meetings, content sign-off and document production.
  • Experience of coordinating, managing and updating knowledge content.
  • Proven history working in the Government sector.
  • High level of competence with Microsoft Word and PowerPoint.
  • Strong storytelling, interpersonal and communication skills.
  • Excellent time management, prioritisation and proofreading skills.
  • Strong problem solving and decision-making abilities.

2. BID Writer (Construction and Highways)

Embedded within the pre-construction team, the BID Writer assists the Bid Lead in producing compelling content that turns technical information into work winning submission responses reflecting client aims and objectives. Working closely with operational teams, commissioners, and industry specialists, the Bid Writer develops high scoring responses against evaluation criteria and ensures full compliance with submission requirements and branding guidelines.


Core Functions

  • Assist the Bid Lead in producing compelling content to support work winning activities.
  • Turn technical information into work winning submission responses that reflect client aims and objectives.
  • Develop and assess high scoring responses against evaluation criteria.
  • Support the development of storyboarding and win themes.
  • Contribute to bid strategy and mid-bid review meetings, incorporating high quality evidence and internal feedback.
  • Take responsibility for submission presentation and formatting, ensuring compliance with branding guidelines.
  • Attend and contribute to internal lessons learned meetings, ensuring previous bid feedback is incorporated into subsequent submissions.
  • Assist the pre-construction team with case studies, CVs, capability statements and award submissions.
  • Keep up to date with current industry legislation and relevant sector trends.
  • Visit live sites on an occasional basis to enhance knowledge and inform written content.


Qualifications and Experience

  • Formal qualification demonstrating research and written ability.
  • Experience in multi-million-pound highways, construction or service delivery submissions.
  • Knowledge of the public sector procurement process.
  • Proven ability to develop high quality written content within page and word limits and time restrictions.
  • High level of proficiency in Word, Excel and PowerPoint, with formatting and proofreading skills.
  • Experience of working with, or willingness to learn, InDesign.
  • Strong command of English language with proven verbal and written communication skills.
  • Exceptional organisational skills with the ability to manage multiple tasks independently and as part of a team.

3. BID Writer (Civil Engineering and Infrastructure)

Reporting to the Bid Manager, the BID Writer compiles PQQ documents, tender deliverables, and technical responses covering all aspects of Civil Engineering within a multi-disciplinary engineering environment. Partnering with project managers, site teams, and procurement stakeholders, this role maintains CRM records, responds to OJEU Notices, and coordinates client satisfaction surveys to support continuous bid improvement.


Primary Duties

  • Compile PQQ documents and tender deliverables.
  • Produce and edit proposal content within a multi-disciplinary engineering environment.
  • Write technical responses covering all aspects of Civil Engineering.
  • Manage portal uploads in the Bid Manager's absence.
  • Complete capability statements and expression of interest documents.
  • Visit sites before compilation of documents to inform risk registers.
  • Review, track and respond to OJEU Notices.
  • Answer technical questions relating to civils engineering and infrastructure projects.
  • Sit in tender review meetings and action as appropriate.


Skills and Qualifications

  • Demonstrable experience in Civils or Construction in a proposals environment.
  • Experience of coordinating.
  • Updating a knowledge base system.
  • Full knowledge of the bid lifecycle from tracking of OJEU notices to PQQ, Tender and Post Tender Interviews.
  • Excellent communication and interpersonal skills to interact with all colleagues and operations.
  • Fluency in English and knowledge of other languages.

4. BID Writer (Sales and Commercial Bids)

Sitting at the intersection of sales enablement and bid compliance, the BID Writer collaborates with the Sales team and Bid and Proposal Managers to develop effective responses for various business opportunities, leading the proposal writing process from initial workshops through to submission. Operating across Sales, Commercial, and operational teams, the Bid Writer develops standard document libraries, monitors tender requirements, and ensures all submissions meet customer compliance standards.


Duties

  • Collaborate with the Sales team and Bid and Proposal Managers to develop effective responses for various business opportunities.
  • Lead the proposal writing process via initial workshops and regular updates with stakeholders.
  • Develop and implement standard document libraries and boilerplate content for use by Sales and Commercial teams.
  • Ensure full and timely bid compliance in conformance with customer tender requirements.
  • Monitor and track all bid requirements and deadlines.
  • Research and gather required documentation from multiple sources to support the compilation of offers.
  • Work flexibly alongside Bid and Proposal Managers to ensure effective submission of short turnaround sales offer documents.


Experience and Qualifications

  • Experience in writing complex documents, taking vague concepts and providing clear explanation.
  • Commercial awareness with strong written skills and excellent command of English language.
  • Highly proficient with Microsoft Office packages.
  • Experience in MS Visio, Adobe InDesign or Illustrator an advantage.
  • Languages such as Spanish or French an advantage, but not essential.

5. BID Writer (Public Sector Frameworks)

A key member of the work winning team, the BID Writer provides written content for business-critical public sector national frameworks, dissects tender questions, and mentors other win work employees in writing best practice. Collaborating across framework managers, Gold bid teams, and senior leadership, the Bid Writer takes ownership of the framework asset library and delivers writing support that maximises the quality and impact of each submission.


Functions

  • Provide written content for business-critical public sector national frameworks.
  • Dissect questions and produce answer plans to maximise relevant information from team members.
  • Take ownership of the framework asset library content.
  • Mentor other win work employees in writing.
  • Provide writing support on Gold bids, particularly executive summaries.
  • Review, edit and write material for case studies and data sheets.
  • Attend group and framework managers meetings.


Qualifications and Experience

  • Experience in a related field with experience of responding to framework bids and working in the public sector.
  • High level of working knowledge of MS Word.
  • Excellent communication, writing and interpersonal skills.
  • Ability to communicate at all levels including senior management.
  • Able to think laterally with a keen eye for detail and commitment to continuously drive up standards.

6. BID Writer (Care and Support Services)

Winning and retaining service contracts depends on the Bid Writer, who coordinates tender progress for an identified region, writes high-quality responses to tenders, and liaises with commissioners to discuss service implementation. Based within the Business Development function and serving the Service Development Manager, the Bid Writer works with operational teams to plan content, source case studies, and review tender outcomes.


Accountabilities

  • Coordinate the tender progress for an identified region.
  • Write clear high-quality responses to tenders.
  • Liaise with commissioners to discuss the implementation of services.
  • Work with operational teams to plan content and source case studies.
  • Coordinate and plan meetings to review the success of tenders.
  • Assist the Service Development Manager on other commercial opportunities outside of the tender process.


Background and Experience

  • Experience of writing, reviewing and submitting technical and detailed tenders, bids and proposals.
  • Project management skills with an understanding of project delivery, budget setting and controls.
  • Ability to interpret information from various sources and translate it into the desired bid document format.
  • Experience of working within the care and support sector is desirable.
  • Strong communication, interpersonal and presentation skills, both written and verbal.
  • Highly organised with proven ability to work under own initiative and flexible approach with occasional overnight travel.

7. BID Writer (Waste and Municipal Services)

As the BID Writer this role leads on bid writing for large National Accounts and supports Regional teams on smaller national accounts, managing and producing National bid pipeline reports to a high standard. The SUEZ group business development team relies on this work to build open and effective relationships with prospective clients, consultants, and internal stakeholders while ensuring full compliance with public procurement regulations.


Areas of Ownership

  • Lead on bid writing for large National Accounts and support Regional teams on smaller national accounts.
  • Manage, produce and ensure circulation of National bid pipeline reports.
  • Liaise with prospective national bid clients, staff and external consultants to ensure appropriate inputs to tenders.
  • Build open and effective relationships between team members and others within the SUEZ group.
  • Ensure all bids are completed to an extremely high standard.


Professional Experience

  • Experience of developing bids in a multi-disciplined environment.
  • Knowledge of UK waste legislation, market drivers, waste collection and street cleansing methodologies.
  • Knowledge of public procurement regulations and associated tender processes.
  • Good financial knowledge with the ability to develop financial models for tenders.
  • Strong writing, presentation, interpersonal, communication, influencing and leadership skills.

8. BID Writer (RFP and Procurement Technology)

BID Writer manages key aspects of RFP projects from document review and kick-off meetings through to final submission within specified timescales, maintaining appendices, coordinating SME input, and proofreading completed responses in Loopio before export to HubSpot. The work directly supports the bid team's ability to submit accurate, correctly formatted, and fully compliant proposals to clients on time and within established KPIs.


Day-to-Day Responsibilities

  • Manage key aspects of RFP projects from document review and kick-off meetings through to final submission within specified timescales.
  • Manage and maintain the team's appendices and attachments, conducting regular reviews to ensure up-to-date information.
  • Update and manage Monday.com project board fields through to Submitted status.
  • Identify and assign questions requiring input from subject matter experts, liaising with SMEs within allocated timescales.
  • Proofread responses prior to exporting completed RFPs from Loopio to ensure accuracy, spelling, grammar and correct customer names.
  • Prepare and export completed projects from Loopio, ensuring correct formatting into customer or CloudPay templates and upload to HubSpot.
  • Attend regular department meetings to keep up to date with new developments in service and product offerings.
  • Keep up to date with the latest updates and product advancements in Loopio.


Minimum Qualifications

  • Minimum of two years experience in bidding is essential.
  • Business writing experience with strong written and verbal communications skills.
  • High levels of IT literacy in Microsoft suite, OneDrive, Google suite, and familiarity with HubSpot, Monday.com and Loopio.
  • Strong coordination skills, attention to detail and ability to work to tight timelines.
  • Ability to prioritize conflicting project deliverables and effectively communicate with all levels of senior management.

9. BID Writer (Cyber Security Solutions)

The BID Writer delivers service solution designs based on requirements within client PQQ, RFI, RFP, and ITT documents, covering both external bids and internal transformational projects while maintaining traceability of requirements into proposed solutions. Working with business development and service alignment teams, the Bid Writer tracks Cyber sector trends and maintains a catalogue of bids to inform future go and no-go decisions.


Key Responsibilities

  • Create service solutions based on requirements contained within client PQQ, RFI, RFP and ITT documents.
  • Create service solutions for external bids as primary role and internal transformational projects as secondary role.
  • Maintain traceability of requirements into proposed solutions.
  • Maintain a catalogue of bids, including details of no-bid decisions for future review.
  • Identify trends within the Cyber sector and provide feedback for service alignment.


Required Qualifications

  • Proven hands-on experience as a Solution Designer in a bidding or business development role.
  • Strong understanding of the Cyber Security industry.
  • Strong commercial awareness with strong organisational skills and attention to detail.
  • Excellent written and verbal communication skills with proven stakeholder management skills.
  • Good working knowledge of Microsoft Office packages including Excel, Word and PowerPoint.
  • Proactive approach to workload with excellent time management skills to deliver on time.

10. BID Writer (Travel and Corporate Payments)

Embedded within the Commercial team and reporting to the Head of Commercial, the BID Writer produces bespoke content for proposals and tender responses while supporting the achievement of sales targets through quality submissions. Working closely with the sales team, client stakeholders, and the Central Bid team in Germany on multinational bids, the Bid Writer maintains an effective library of information and manages sales lead correspondence to keep the bid pipeline running smoothly.


Core Functions

  • Write and develop bespoke content for proposals and tender responses.
  • Support the achievement of sales targets through quality submission of proposals and tender responses.
  • Develop an effective library of information and liaise with departments to keep it updated.
  • Set and achieve tender deadlines by managing priorities effectively.
  • Challenge key stakeholders to agree goals and influence decisions.
  • Edit all content received to ensure it meets standards and is bespoke to each prospect's needs.
  • Stay up to date with prospects and competition to ensure responses clearly deliver strategy.
  • Process new sales leads and manage correspondence between the sales team and clients.
  • Provide data and reports to help the sales team achieve their sales targets.
  • Liaise and work with the Central Bid team in Germany on multinational bids.


Education and Experience

  • Minimum of 2 years relevant professional experience in a similar position, preferably in the travel or corporate payment industry.
  • Commercial knowledge and acumen to provide advice and consulting support to the sales team.
  • Strong analytical skills with the ability to interact with internal and external partners to solve problems.
  • Highly Advanced working knowledge of Microsoft Office, including Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
  • Strong interpersonal, stakeholder management, negotiation and communication skills, both verbal and written.
  • Highly customer focused with excellent time management, organisational and administrative skills.
  • Adaptable and flexible to respond to different situations with a high level of accuracy and attention to detail.

11. BID Writer (IT and Technology Sector)

Reporting to the Bid Manager, the Bid Writer supports bid and proposal managers in producing compelling content for work winning activities, editing and proofreading submissions while collating and distributing reusable bid content. Partnering with Sales Teams and cross-functional stakeholders, the Bid Writer also maintains management information on bid progress and success rates and seeks out new working practices to improve quality and efficiency across the bids function.


Primary Duties

  • Support the bid and proposal managers in producing compelling content to support work winning activities.
  • Edit, proof and correct content in preparation for bid submissions.
  • Collate, store and distribute content for use within bids and proposals.
  • Provide ongoing support to Sales Teams in the production of proposals in response to mini-tenders and framework competitions.
  • Keep accurate and up to date management information to inform stakeholders of bid progress and success rate.
  • Seek out new working practices that streamline the bids function, improving quality and efficiency.


Skills and Qualifications

  • Proposal or bid writing experience desirable with technical or IT industry knowledge desirable.
  • Competent knowledge of MS Office platform including Word and Excel.
  • Excellent written skills with good command of English.
  • Self-starter with excellent communication skills for teamwork.
  • Knowledge of reporting to peers, partners and customers.

12. BID Writer (Education and Employment Services)

A key member of the bid coordination team, the BID Writer ensures the end-to-end bid process is followed, reviewing tender requirements and engaging with technical subject matter experts to organise resources and write compliant responses on time. Collaborating across the Business Development function and working directly with the Bid Manager, the Bid Writer brings professional tender writing expertise that enables the business to submit high-quality, fully compliant proposals within required timescales.


Scope of Work

  • Ensure the end to end bid process is followed, meeting timelines and communicating to all stakeholders.
  • Review tender requirements and develop response strategies with the Bid Manager.
  • Engage with technical subject matter experts to organise resources and write compliant responses.
  • Provide professional tender writing and submission expertise.
  • Provide support in the coordination of bid response related material.


Experience and Qualifications

  • Experience engaging with senior business stakeholders in a fast-paced sales environment, preferably within Education and Employment Services or Job Creation related organisations.
  • Strong research skills and analytical ability with regard to bid and presentation production.
  • Ability to effectively work under pressure and to deadlines with speed, efficiency and accuracy.
  • Able to work autonomously, flexible with the ability to adapt to change.
  • Exceptional personal standards of honesty, integrity and professionalism with a very high level of attention to detail.

13. BID Writer (Public Infrastructure)

As the BID Writer, this role develops, updates, and edits bid narratives aligned to tender requirements covering design, construction, project management, financial capability, risk management, quality, health and safety, and sustainable development. The proposal management team relies on this work to build and maintain a virtual international library of high-quality, technically accurate, and consistent bid content that supports continuous improvement across global submissions.


Technical Responsibilities

  • Develop, update, adapt and edit bid narratives and write-ups that align with tender requirements covering design, construction, project management, financial capability, risk management, quality, health and safety and sustainable development.
  • Ensure technical content accuracy and consistency of narratives.
  • Collaborate in setting up a virtual library to share with other international entities.
  • Collaborate with the extended proposal management team to improve existing proposal library content.
  • Contribute to discussions within the proposal management team and participate in the team's continuous improvement process.


Education and Experience

  • University degree in engineering, architecture, journalism, commerce, marketing or similar.
  • Experience in a similar position within a bid production environment.
  • Experience in the public infrastructure sector is an asset.
  • Capable of analysing and understanding client requirements in tender documents with strong planning, coordination and time management skills.
  • Advance user of the Microsoft Suite including Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Visio.
  • Excellent writing and communication skills in English at full professional proficiency, with basic understanding of French as a plus.
  • Rigorous attention to detail with the ability to respect tight deadlines while maintaining a professional attitude.

14. BID Writer (Energy and Utilities)

BID Writer researches new business opportunities, tracks OJEU Notices, and collates and completes RFIs, PQQs, ITTs, and RFQs for clients across the Energy, Oil and Gas, Water, Utilities, and Infrastructure sectors within agreed timelines. The work directly supports the business development function by maintaining a library of tender document templates, managing bid status databases, and ensuring every submission is high quality, fully compliant, and delivered on time.


Job Functions

  • Researching into new business opportunities, frameworks and projects within the industry.
  • Complete tender searches and register the company's interest in tendering for work.
  • Understand the requirements of tenders and make recommendations as to whether they are appropriate for the business to pursue.
  • Collate information for and complete RFIs, PQQs, ITTs and RFQs in a timely manner and to the quality expected.
  • Write and edit high-quality technical and non-technical responses to bid, tender and proposal questions.
  • Check draft responses to ensure they answer questions posed and proof-read for readability, grammar, spelling and punctuation.
  • Manage and update the database to track the status of all bids and ensure timely submission.
  • Develop and maintain a library of tender document templates and complete portal uploads.


Background and Experience

  • Demonstrable experience of providing high quality bids, proposals and tenders promptly.
  • Ideally within Energy, Oil and Gas, Water, Utilities, Mechanical Nuclear or Infrastructure sectors.
  • Solid understanding of the bidding procedure and ability to manage across all stages of the tender process.
  • Excellent communication skills with the ability to multi-task and manage a variety of concurrent tenders and projects.
  • Strong time management and organisational skills with the ability to work effectively under pressure.

15. BID Writer (Government and Policy Research)

The BID Writer shapes the agency's bid pipeline by owning the writing process from initial draft through revisions to final submission, horizon scanning for upcoming RfP solicitations from HMG, USG, UN, and EU, and coordinating timelines with the Business Development team. Working closely with the Bid Manager and the Research and Strategy team, the Bid Writer advances the agency's capacity to win government and policy-focused work by producing concept notes, case studies, and pitch deck content that clearly reflect client-specific requirements.


Key Deliverables

  • Work with the Bid Manager to horizon scan and prepare for new and upcoming RfP solicitations.
  • Coordinate with the Business Development team to incorporate client-specific requirements in bid preparation.
  • Own the bid writing process from initial draft through revisions to final submission, incorporating feedback throughout.
  • Own and manage multiple concurrent response timelines.
  • Contribute to additional documentation and business development efforts including case studies and pitch deck text.
  • Work with the Research and Strategy team to conceptualise and draft concept notes for client meetings.
  • Work with the Bid Manager to ensure a constant flow of RfPs into the agency from various frameworks.


Education and Experience

  • Degree in English, Technical Writing or a technical or writing related field.
  • 5 or more years of professional writing experience.
  • Experience of previous written responses to RfPs issued by HMG, USG, UN and EU.
  • Strong understanding of and interest in geopolitics and current affairs.
  • Strong planning, research and organisation skills with ability to work independently and collaborate with teammates.
  • Ability to communicate complex technical concepts clearly and concisely in a fast-paced, policy-oriented environment.

Editorial Process and Content Quality

This content is developed by the Lamwork Editorial Team using structured analysis of real-world job data, skill requirements, and hiring patterns.

Research framework by Lam Nguyen, Founder & Editorial Lead.

Reviewed by Thanh Huyen, Managing Editor.

Learn more about our editorial standards.