ASSURANCE MANAGER JOB DESCRIPTION
Explore assurance manager JD examples with qualifications, responsibilities, and salary benchmarks drawn from professional services and internal audit roles.

Assurance Manager Job Description Template
1. About the Role
An Assurance Manager without the depth to assess a control environment leaves executive leadership making decisions on unverified financial data. That gap is precisely what this role closes. The Assurance Manager owns the planning, execution and reporting of internal audit engagements in compliance with IIA professional standards and Sarbanes-Oxley requirements, operating within a structured audit function that reports findings to the CFO and CAE. Audit professionals step into this seat after several years in public accounting and use it to build the cross-functional visibility needed to advance toward Audit Director.
2. Position Summary
As the Assurance Manager, you will lead risk-based audit engagements from scoping through final reporting, ensuring controls across financial and operational processes meet IIA standards and SOX requirements. You will oversee a team of assurance professionals, coordinate with external auditors and internal control groups, and present high-impact findings directly to senior finance leadership including the VP, Controller and CFO.
3. Why Join Us
Career Impact: Ownership of SOX compliance testing and IIA-standard engagements builds the technical credibility that distinguishes candidates for Audit Director and Chief Audit Executive roles.
Business Impact: When control weaknesses go undetected, financial statements carry unquantified risk; the Assurance Manager's review cycle is what closes that gap for the CFO and the Board.
Growth Opportunity: Exposure to pre-implementation readiness assessments, due diligence projects and annual risk planning expands your scope well beyond traditional audit into advisory work that accelerates advancement to senior leadership.
4. Key Responsibilities
- Establish engagement scope and review audit work programs, work papers and reports to ensure proper execution and support for all observations.
- Ensure compliance with IIA professional standards, internal methodologies, policies and procedures across all audit engagements.
- Manage SOX controls testing and report results to the VP, Controller and CFO, overseeing on-shore and off-shore staff.
- Coordinate audit activities with external auditors, internal control compliance groups, finance and accounting policy teams.
- Recommend improvements to process and control design and propose solutions to identified business problems.
- Execute special projects including pre-implementation readiness assessments and due diligence engagements.
- Develop less tenured assurance professionals through goal-setting, real-time feedback, coaching and periodic performance reviews.
- Assist the CAE in completing the annual risk assessment and project plan.
5. Required Qualifications
- Bachelor's degree in Accounting, Finance or a related field, or equivalent work experience.
- 4 or more years of Internal Audit or External Audit experience, with demonstrated engagement management responsibility.
- CPA, CIA or CISA certification, or an equivalent professional credential, required.
- Advanced knowledge of IIA professional standards, code of ethics, and Sarbanes-Oxley compliance methodologies.
- Strong understanding of financial, operational and business processes including ERP systems and financial applications.
- Ability to analyze complex processes to identify financial, operational and compliance risks and develop remedial recommendations.
- Proven leadership and interpersonal skills with the ability to communicate findings clearly to stakeholders at all levels including C-Suite.
- Experience acquiring, transforming and preparing data for audit analysis and reporting purposes.
6. Preferred Qualifications
- Master of Business Administration or advanced degree in a related field.
- Experience in a chemicals, manufacturing or industrial operating environment.
- Background in evaluating data analytics outputs and translating findings into control improvement recommendations.
- Prior experience coordinating audit activity with Big 4 or national public accounting firm staff.
7. Success Metrics & Environment
- Percentage of audit engagements delivered on schedule within budgeted hours, reflecting planning accuracy.
- SOX testing completion rate per cycle, measuring coverage of scoped key controls.
- Number of high-impact observations raised per engagement, tracking the depth of control evaluation.
- Average management response rate to audit recommendations within agreed remediation timelines.
- Ratio of repeat findings across consecutive audit cycles, indicating effectiveness of prior recommendations.
- Typical tools: GRC platforms (commonly SAP GRC or similar); data analytics software (commonly Tableau or BI tools).
8. Compensation & Benefits (US Market Benchmark)
- Base Salary Range: $95,000 to $130,000 annually depending on experience and location.
- Bonus: Annual performance bonus typically 10% to 15% of base salary.
- Equity: Not standard; occasionally offered at director-track level.
- Health Benefits: Medical, dental and vision coverage; employer contribution varies by firm size.
- PTO: 15 to 20 days annually plus standard federal holidays.
- Common Perks: CPA/CIA exam reimbursement; CPE allowance; domestic and international travel budget.
Figures are estimates based on general US market benchmarks and may be outdated. Adjust based on location, company size, and seniority level.
9. EEO & Legal
Employment decisions are made without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, disability, veteran status, genetic information, or any other characteristic protected under applicable federal, state, or local law. Candidates requiring a reasonable accommodation during any part of the application or hiring process should notify the hiring team accordingly. A background check is a condition of employment and must be completed successfully prior to start date. Applicants must be authorized to work in the United States.
Assurance Manager Job Description Examples
1. Assurance Manager (Internal Audit & Controls)
The Assurance Manager leads engagement scoping, audit execution and staff development across financial and operational audits, working with external auditors, compliance groups and finance to deliver comprehensive risk coverage. Reporting to the CAE and interacting up to C-Suite level, this role shapes the organization's control environment and builds audit capability within a chemicals or manufacturing business context.
Key Responsibilities
- Establish engagement scope, supervise staff, review planning documents, audit work programs, work papers and reports to ensure proper execution and support for all observations.
- Ensure compliance with IIA professional standards and CAS' own methodologies, policies and procedures.
- Oversee Project Leads to ensure tasks and projects are completed within budgeted hours and project milestones are met.
- Recommend improvements to process and control design and propose potential solutions to business problems.
- Execute special projects such as pre-implementation readiness assessments and due diligence.
- Manage SOX controls testing and report results to the VP & Controller and CFO, overseeing on-shore and off-shore staff.
- Coordinate audit work with external auditors, internal control compliance groups, finance, accounting policy and other groups.
- Interact with individuals at all levels of the business and communicate high-impact observations and insights to clients.
- Assist the CAE in the annual risk assessment and project plan.
- Develop less tenured assurance professionals, set annual goals and objectives, provide feedback, coaching and performance reviews.
Education & Experience
- Bachelor's degree in Accounting, Finance or similar field; Masters in Business Administration preferred.
- CPA, CIA, CISA or other related professional certification required.
- 4–7 years of experience in Internal Audit or External Audit.
- Advanced knowledge of financial, operational and business processes, ERP systems and financial applications; advanced knowledge of Sarbanes-Oxley and methodologies for achieving compliance; knowledge of IIA code of ethics and professional standards.
- Chemicals and/or manufacturing industry experience preferred.
- Demonstrated technical knowledge of SAP including security, transaction codes, GRC and BW; experience with data analytics tools such as Tableau or BI.
- Experience acquiring, transforming, mapping and preparing data for analysis.
- Interpersonal and leadership skills; ability to work collaboratively and provide strategic direction to the team.
- Ability to travel domestically and internationally approximately 10%.
2. Assurance Manager (Tax Credits & Incentives)
Embedded within the Incentives Team, the Assurance Manager conducts technical analyses of confidential financial and client data to substantiate business incentive claims including the Employee Retention Tax Credit and Research & Development Tax Credit. Working closely with the Director and Incentives Team members, this role delivers quality-controlled final work product that directly supports client value across a wide range of industries.
Core Functions
- Work closely alongside a team with a variety of backgrounds to conduct technical analyses and create value for clients in a wide variety of industries.
- Analyze large subsets of confidential financial and technical client data.
- Leverage strong project management skills to ensure deadlines and client expectations are met.
- Gather and review technical and financial documentation.
- Review robust technical reports and deliverables that detail and substantiate business incentive claims.
- Become an expert in multiple business credits and incentives including the Employee Retention Tax Credit and Research & Development Tax Credit.
- Interface daily with Incentives Team members and review case submissions.
- Conduct technical research to assist the team in new regulations and code requirements.
- Work closely alongside the Director to improve workflow efficiency.
- Perform quality control and assurance reviews on all final deliverables including written legal documents, financial analyses and calculation models.
Required Qualifications
- Bachelor's degree required; degree in accounting, finance or a business-related field is a plus; legal degree or law school graduate is a plus.
- Minimum 3 years of relevant prior work experience; background in Audit (Public Accounting) or Law highly preferred.
- Strong understanding of accounting principles and ability to read financial statements.
- Proficient with Microsoft Office Suite, specifically Word and advanced Excel.
- Acute attention to detail with expert analytical, research and writing skills; excellent verbal and written communication skills required.
- Superior organizational and project management skills with ability to multi-task in a fast-paced, deadline-driven environment.
- Highly organized and detail-oriented; ability to evaluate numerous client data points and quickly ascertain tax credit eligibility; diplomacy and tact under pressure.
- Employer-provided.
3. Assurance Manager (Supplier Audit & Commercial Compliance)
Reporting to CCS leadership, the Assurance Manager delivers end-to-end supplier audit engagements - conducting control and substantive testing both remotely and on-site - to ensure CCS commercial agreement income is complete and accurate. Partnering with commercial teams and suppliers across diverse markets, this role strengthens the risk-based audit programme and drives assurance innovation through data and improved processes.
Primary Duties
- Conduct analysis, preparation, control and substantive testing across audit engagements.
- Ensure all audit engagements comply with CCS and professional audit standards.
- Build relationships with clients and act as an Ambassador for CCS; produce audit reports and contribute to the risk-based audit and assurance programme.
- Support delivery of the audit programme through individual engagements, deploying appropriate audit interventions remotely and on-site with suppliers.
- Support commercial teams in determining which suppliers require audit intervention based on risk.
- Nurture and maintain strong collaborative relationships with suppliers and commercial colleagues throughout the audit lifecycle.
- Identify ways to improve assurance breadth by leveraging data and adopting innovative processes.
Qualifications & Experience
- Current experience within an Audit team; qualified in an audit or compliance discipline such as Internal Audit or Accountancy.
- Strong IT literacy including performing analysis using large data sets.
- Highly developed interpersonal skills including influencing and negotiating in writing and verbally with stakeholders at all levels.
- Highly developed delivery skills including working with autonomy and reaching decisions based on complex evidence.
- Travel to supplier premises required for both remote and on-site audit engagements.
4. Assurance Manager (Energy Sector Internal Audit)
Sitting at the intersection of governance and operational risk, the Assurance Manager delivers financial, operational, regulatory and compliance audit plans that provide objective opinions to the Board and Executives on the effectiveness of Snowy Hydro's control environment. Operating across sites in NSW, VIC and SA from a Melbourne base, this role enhances the assurance framework through innovative methods and insightful stakeholder engagement.
Duties
- Develop and implement internal audit plans to provide systematic, comprehensive and objective opinions to the Board and Executives on the effectiveness of the control environment.
- Plan, execute and report on internal audits covering financial, operational, regulatory and compliance aspects.
- Provide advice and value-add services on internal control, governance and risk management.
- Continuously enhance the assurance framework by developing and implementing innovative methods to improve stakeholder experience and value.
- Ensure recommended improvement opportunities optimally balance governance requirements and commercial considerations.
- Maintain active and collaborative engagement with key stakeholders through timely and insightful communication.
Skills & Qualifications
- Demonstrable track record in effective management of annual internal audit plans and accomplished delivery of assurance engagements.
- Experience within the energy industry is preferred but not essential.
- Strong analytical skills to identify root causes of process and control weaknesses and develop appropriate remedial solutions.
- Ability to work independently and manage multiple projects and competing priorities to consistently meet deadlines and sustain quality standards.
- Versatile interpersonal and communication skills to facilitate constructive working relationships with key stakeholders.
- Effective negotiation and influencing skills to enable management to understand and accept the rationale for findings and recommendations.
- Sharp presentation and reporting skills including the ability to break down complex topics into simple narratives.
5. Assurance Manager (Global Fintech Risk & Controls)
A key member of the Risk and Regulatory function, the Assurance Manager builds and leads a new global team of assurance testing experts, designing from scratch a comprehensive framework for monitoring, testing, reporting, governance and escalation across regulated entities. Collaborating across the business, compliance and control functions, this role advances the organisation's risk oversight capability within a financial services or payments institution setting.
Functions
- Build and lead a new team of assurance testing experts, carrying out team management responsibilities including one-on-ones and performance reviews.
- Manage and build from scratch the global assurance and testing framework using a risk-based approach to assess and test internal risks.
- Develop and manage a programme of assurance testing covering regulated entities globally.
- Prepare and deliver assurance methodologies to the wider group highlighting key initiatives, regulatory trends and areas of concern.
- Act as SME on assurance and testing, sharing knowledge on internal trends and wider industry developments within the compliance department.
- Provide training and mentorship to junior team members and work alongside the business, Regulatory team and wider control functions.
Experience & Qualifications
- Firm background in risk, controls, assurance or audit within financial services, preferably within an EMI or payments institution.
- Experience in building and developing assurance frameworks through all lines of defence.
- Experience building audit frameworks is advantageous.
- Strong understanding of control design assessment and effectiveness testing techniques and practices.
- Understanding of assurance frameworks, drivers of risk and controls.
- Experience in growing or running a team.
6. Assurance Manager (Regulatory Compliance & Policy)
Robust regulatory compliance and front-to-back control efficiency depend on the Assurance Manager, who designs and implements the Assurance framework and reports on adherence to business-critical policies across SE UK processes. Based within the Risk function and travelling regularly across the UK, this role serves as the organisation's primary point of accountability for evidencing regulatory change and identifying control gaps.
Accountabilities
- Design and implement the Assurance framework including policy, methodology, schedule and reporting.
- Ensure that key regulation and legislation is evidenced through SE UK processes and that regulatory change is delivered by the Risk Owner timely and completely.
- Provide assurance of business-critical policies and processes and report on adherence to policies demonstrating compliance to the regulator.
- Ensure any discrepancies, delays, mandate breaches or other exceptions are noted and reported to management promptly.
- Identify and enhance risk process improvement opportunities to improve front-to-back efficiency and controls.
Minimum Qualifications
- Bachelor's degree in STEM subjects preferred; other relevant bachelor's degrees will be considered.
- Professional qualification such as ACCA, ACA or CII required; Quality Management Qualifications such as ISO preferred; full UK driving licence required.
- Minimum 6 to 10 years of working experience in Assurance, Audit, Quality Assurance and/or investigation, with preference for Industrial or Operational roles.
- Experience in data analytics will be advantageous.
- Good analytical and critical thinking skills to identify irregularities, internal control gaps and areas for improvement.
- Excellent interpersonal and communication skills (verbal and written) to engage with all levels of management with professionalism and integrity; ability to learn quickly, work independently and maintain professional scepticism.
- Ability to operate with minimum supervision across multiple projects and prioritise workload in reaction to business and functional needs.
- Right to work in the UK is essential; role requires regular travel within the UK, approximately 60%.
7. Assurance Manager (Telecoms Service Delivery, Africa)
As the Assurance Manager, this role oversees a team of engineers managing Service Desk, Service Assurance and provisioning for a select portfolio of high-SLA telecoms customers across Sub-Saharan Africa, covering MPLS, VoIP, Video Conferencing and Hosting services. The team relies on this work to meet SLA commitments, maintain supplier escalation discipline and develop technical and soft skills capability through coaching and structured performance management.
Day-to-Day Responsibilities
- Manage a team of engineers covering all aspects of Service Desk, Service Assurance and provisioning for a unique selection of high-SLA customers across Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Ensure the team picks up and manages incidents and service requests timeously, providing prompt feedback to customers and suppliers and escalating with suppliers as needed.
- Manage day-to-day operations to meet SLA commitments and deliver the highest level of service in the industry.
- Ensure both soft skills and technical training is conducted, coaching agents and encouraging further studies for career progression.
- Set KPIs, conduct performance appraisals, performance management, disciplinary processes and recruitment.
Professional Experience
- Matric Certification required; 3-year degree or equivalent diploma in Engineering, Information Technology or Computer Science desirable.
- ITIL certified.
- 1–2 years of experience in an ICT Service Desk environment; 3+ years of experience managing a team within a technical environment.
- Understanding of IP, GSM and Telecommunications/ICT industry; knowledge of MPLS networks and Cisco products; product knowledge across Access services, Broadband, VoIP and eCommerce.
- Proficiency in analysis and diagnosis of incidents.
- CRM and Service Management systems such as Siebel, HP SD or Remedy; network diagnostic tools and methods.
8. Assurance Manager (Public Accounting & Assurance)
Assurance Manager coordinates and oversees assurance engagements alongside Assurance Partners and senior staff, delivering planning, file completion, staff mentoring and client issue resolution within a public accounting environment. The work directly supports the quality and timeliness of client-facing assurance output across private enterprises and not-for-profit organizations under Canadian Auditing Standards.
Scope of Work
- Work closely with Assurance Partners and senior assurance staff to coordinate, plan and oversee assurance engagements.
- Provide staff training, mentoring and support on assurance engagements.
- Collaborate with peers and senior management on file planning and completion within time constraints.
- Utilize strong time management skills to meet deadlines, deliver quality work, and resolve client issues in a timely manner.
- Perform other related accounting functions.
Knowledge Skills & Abilities
- Professional accounting designation (CPA or CA) with at least 5 years of public accounting experience, including 3–5 years with an assurance focus.
- Strong working knowledge of Canadian Auditing Standards, Standard for Review Engagements, Accounting Standards for Private Enterprises and Accounting Standards for Not-for-Profit Organizations.
- Strong analytical skills and creativity to identify problems and potential solutions; sound judgment regarding confidential and sensitive matters.
- Excellent written and verbal communication skills.
- Self-motivated with ability to work independently and in a team environment; strong understanding of a client-focused environment and ability to meet deadlines.
9. Assurance Manager (Internal Audit & Compliance)
The Assurance Manager produces audit plans, oversees audit execution and develops corrective recommendations that ensure the organization meets its international and governmental compliance obligations. Advising executives and collaborating across departments, this role advances organizational integrity through coordinated internal auditing processes and policy implementation.
Key Deliverables
- Coordinate and develop internal auditing processes.
- Develop and implement policies and procedures.
- Supervise and conduct independent audits.
- Prepare analysis for departments.
- Conduct investigations on irregularities and errors.
- Draft recommendations on corrective measures.
- Advise executives.
Background & Experience
- CPA license completed or actively in pursuit preferred.
- 2 or more years of experience in Public Accounting; prior supervisory experience preferred.
- Knowledge of internal accounting controls, professional standards and regulations including GAAP.
- Proficiency in Microsoft Office Suite including Word, Excel and PowerPoint.
- Strong oral and written communication skills; ability to multi-task while working independently and within a team.
10. Assurance Manager (Global Banking Risk Assurance)
Reporting to the Head of Global Risk Assurance, the Assurance Manager oversees end-to-end independent control assessments - including design and operating effectiveness validation through walkthroughs, sampling and re-performance - across LOBs and Functions within the Bank's Non-Financial Risk Management Framework. Working closely with Risk Owners, Control Owners, Risk Stewards and external regulators, this role advances the quality, timeliness and accuracy of the Global Risk Assurance plan while supporting safe growth across the Bank's wholesale and traded credit risk activities.
Leadership Responsibilities
- Customise and localise standard assurance scripts and evaluate relevant controls for design and operating effectiveness, raising issues as appropriate.
- Ensure control assessments are accurate, effective, compliant with Global Risk Assurance procedures and templates, and meet quality control requirements.
- Ensure assigned control assessments are delivered on time in accordance with the Global Risk Assurance assessment plan.
- Supervise delivery of assigned control assessments using experience and knowledge to intervene and redirect testing, resolving or redirecting escalations as required.
- Manage documentation of distinct control types covering key aspects such as remit, main processes and handovers to other teams.
- Contribute to team execution of the Global Risk assessment plan ensuring accurate, efficient and timely completion of independent control assessments.
- Build strong relationships with all internal stakeholders and ensure executive and senior management are advised of matters arising and emerging trends from assurance reviews.
- Ensure effective communication across the Global Risk Function and its teams, LOBs and HOST, delivering key messages and strategic updates; contribute to high-quality Global Risk Assurance deliverables.
- Ensure relevant control owners comply with Group policies and recommend approaches to achieve compliance where required.
- Highlight deficiencies in Control Owner Continuous Control Monitoring approach and recommend improvements; engage collaboratively with Control Officers to discuss identified control issues.
Technical Qualifications
- Minimum 8–10 years of banking experience.
- 2LOD Assurance/Testing experience in Model Risk and Credit Risk; knowledge of the audit management process is advantageous.
- Good understanding of the Risk Management Framework including Policies, GSM and FIMs; knowledge of governance, Non-Financial Risk, control policy, the Assurance Framework and related FIM policies.
- Significant experience reviewing and assuring control frameworks across LOBs and Functions; proficiency in Global Business activities specializing in Wholesale Credit Risk and Traded Credit Risk; knowledge of Control Monitoring and Assurance for different types of controls.
- Strong organizational, planning, interpersonal, management, negotiation and communication skills; ability to meet aggressive timeframes with quality results.
- Ability to assess risk trends, interpret Operations risk findings, influence Senior Leaders across multiple business lines and collaborate with stakeholders across LOBs and Functions in different geographies.
- Gravitas to engage with CRO, COO, business heads and external regulators.
11. Business Assurance Manager (Public Sector Audit & ISO Compliance)
Reporting to Sector and Divisional leadership, the Business Assurance Manager owns H&W's full internal and external audit and compliance assurance programme - including ISAE 3402 and ISO accreditations - coordinating a team of audit supervisors and leads to keep the business compliant with contractual, legislative and policy obligations. Partnering with internal and external auditors, commercial teams and executive stakeholders, this role strengthens control mechanisms and drives continuous improvement across a complex public sector service environment.
Strategic Responsibilities
- Own and manage H&W internal and external audit and compliance assurance activities including ISAE 3402 and ISO/quality accreditations, coordinating with a team of audit supervisors, leads and other internal and external auditors.
- Manage and oversee creation and delivery of a risk-based internal audit plan for H&W, ensuring completion of associated audits to identify control weaknesses and opportunities for improvement.
- Produce value-add audit and compliance reporting that assures internal control mechanisms, identifies risk and tracks all nonconformance areas and improvement opportunities through to resolution.
- Provide regular submissions to the Sector Risk and Assurance committee and support other reporting requirements for the sector and division as required.
- Work with a range of internal and external stakeholders in the provision of audit activities, including guidance on subject access requests, freedom of information requests and key information packs.
- Collaborate with Sector and Divisional Business Assurance teams, sharing insights and best practice in audit and compliance to drive continuous improvement across H&W.
Position Requirements
- Relevant Internal Audit and Compliance qualifications or certifications; experience leading, co-ordinating and managing ISO and ISAE audits including maintenance and management of certifications.
- Experience leading a team of auditors and conducting internal and external audits, compliance reviews and report writing in line with industry best practice; experience of managing teams or projects including line management experience.
- Previous experience within a service-based, public sector environment running multi-faceted and complex operations; experience in ministerial correspondence and FOI management.
- Excellent communication, planning and organisational skills including ability to influence up to Executive level; able to work under significant pressure and to tight deadlines.
- Self-motivated and comfortable working on own initiative.
12. Quality Assurance Manager (Food & Feed Industry)
Sitting at the intersection of quality systems and production operations, the Quality Assurance Manager maintains HACCP, ISO9001, ISO14001 and GMP+ frameworks while leading a small QA team to manage deviations, CAPAs, complaints and NCC release activities across a Feed, Food or Pharmaceutical manufacturing environment. Operating across global QA projects and supplier qualification processes, this role ensures analytical methods, equipment and documentation meet international quality standards and supports continuous compliance with regulatory requirements.
Areas of Ownership
- Manage a small QA team consisting of 2 QA Assistants and 1 QA Specialist.
- Maintain the HACCP system and participate in HACCP meetings.
- Maintain ISO9001, ISO14001 and GMP+ systems.
- Manage deviation, CAPA, complaint and change control processes.
- Handle daily NCC release activities and maintain NCC analytical methods including analytical equipment and documentation.
- Support and assist in the qualification of raw material suppliers and toll manufacturers.
- Participate in global QA projects and audits.
Education & Experience
- Master's degree in Natural Sciences required.
- At least 2 years of experience in Quality Control or Quality Assurance in the Feed, Food or Pharmaceutical industry, preferably with previous people management experience; at least 2 years of experience in a production or manufacturing environment.
- Experience with HACCP, ISO9001, ISO14001 and GMP+ is a plus; experience with qualification and validation of equipment and methods.
- Good knowledge of MS Office and the Quality and Production modules of SAP.
- Independent, meticulous cross-functional team player with strong attention to detail and ability to manage multiple assignments without losing overview; good communication and interpersonal skills for interaction with international suppliers and internal customers.
- Excellent command of English; conversational Danish is a plus.
Editorial Process and Content Quality
This content is developed by the Lamwork Editorial Team using structured analysis of real-world job data, skill requirements, and hiring patterns.
Research framework by Lam Nguyen, Founder & Editorial Lead.
Reviewed by Thanh Huyen, Managing Editor.
Learn more about our editorial standards.